I-Adipic Acid ePhambili yePhasi loke: Ibhulokhi eqakathekileko yokwakha amapholima namakhemikhali asebenza kuhle khulu
Iimfanelo eziphathekako nezamakhemikhali
Ukubukeka nokuthungwa: I-Adipic Acid ivamise ukuvela njengepuyere emhlophe, efana namakristalu nofana amakristalu amancani anganambala. Inendlela ebuthakathaka begodu ayinaphunga ngaphasi kweemeko ezijayelekileko, okwenza bona ilungele ukusetjenziswa okuhlukahlukeneko lapho kutlhogeka khona iphrofayili yemizwa engathathi ihlangothi.
Ukuncibilika: Itjengisa ukuncibilika okulinganiselweko emanzini, okulinganiselwa ku-1.44 g ukuncibilika ngaphakathi kwe-100 mL yamanzi ku-25°C. Nanyana kunjalo, incibilika khulu eentweni eziphilako ezifana ne-ethanol, i-acetone, kanye ne-benzene. Ukuziphatha kokuncibilika lokhu kuvumela bona ihlanganyele kuhle ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukeneko kanye nokwakheka.
Izinto eziqakathekileko ezibonakalako: I-Adipic Acid ine-molar mass eyi-146.14 g/mol. Ubukhulu bayo bungaba yi-1.36 g/cm3 ku-25°C, okuyinto encani ukudlula amanzi. Indawo yokuncibilika ye-adipic acid yi-152°C, okutjengisa ukutjhuguluka kwayo ukusuka ebujameni obuqinileko ukuya ebujameni obumanzi ngaphasi kwamazinga womtjhiso aphakemeko. Indawo yokubila yenzeka ku-337.5°C, nanyana ingathoma ukubola ngaphambi kobana ifinyelele emazingeni womtjhiso ngaphasi komfutho womkhathi. Indawo yayo yokuvutha yi-207°C, okutjengisa bona itlhoga amazinga womtjhiso aphezulu khulu nemithombo yokuvutha ukwenzela bona ibe sengozini yokuvutha.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Njenge-dicarboxylic acid, i-adipic acid inamaqembu amabili we-carboxyl functional (-COOH), ayinikela ukusabela okukhulu kwamakhemikhali. Ihlanganyela lula ekuphenduleni kwe-esterification nama-alkhoholi, yakha ama-ester asetjenziswa khulu ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki, amafutha, kanye namakha. Phezu kwalokho, ingasabelana nama-diamine ngokusebenzisa i-condensation polymerization ukwakha ama-polyamides, khulukhulu i-nylon 6,6. Ukuphendula kokwenza amapholimera kuyisisekelo sebubulo lefayibha yokwenziwa kanye namaplastiki wobunjiniyela. I-adipic acid nayo ingaqalana nokusabela kokunciphisa ukwakha ama-alcohol ahambelanako begodu ingasabela nama-base ukwakha ama-salt, aziwa ngokuthi ma-adipates.
Iindawo zokufaka isibawo
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Polyamide (Nylon): Ukusetjenziswa okukhulu nokuqakatheke khulu kwe-adipic acid kusekwakhiweni kwama-polyamides, khulukhulu i-nylon 6,6. Ngalendlela, i-adipic acid isabelana ne-hexamethylenediamine ekuphenduleni kwe-condensation polymerization. I-nylon 6,6 ephumelako yipulasitiki yobunjiniyela esebenza kuhle khulu edumileko ngokuqina kwayo, ukuqina, ukujamelana nokuguga, kanye nezakhiwo ezihle khulu. I-nylon 6,6 isetjenziswa khulu embonini yeenkoloyi malungana neengcenye ezifana neengcenye zenjini, amagiya, namabheringi. Ibuye ibe yinto eqakathekileko embonini yezembatho, lapho isetjenziselwa ukukhiqiza iindwangu ezisezingeni eliphezulu zezembatho, amakhaphethi, kanye nokugqoka ngenxa yamandla wayo, ukuqina, nekghono lokubamba amadayi kuhle.
Amaplastikisi nama-Lubricant: I-adipic acid isetjenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaplastiki asekelwe ku-adipate. Amapulasitiki la afakwa kuma-polymer, khulukhulu i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ukwenza ngcono ukuguquguquka kwawo, ukusebenza kwawo, nokuqina kwawo. I-Adipate plasticizers ikhethwa eensetjenzisweni lapho ukutjhuguluka kwamazinga womtjhiso aphasi kutlhogeka khona, njengokukhiqiza ukuvikela iintambo zeenkoloyi, amashubhu wezokwelapha, nemikhiqizo ye-PVC engamelana namakhaza. Ukungezelela, ama-ester avela ku-adipic acid asetjenziswa njengeenthambiso eensetjenzisweni ezihlukahlukeneko zebubulo, anikela ngezakhiwo ezihle khulu zokulwisana nokuguga nokulwisana nokutjhayisana, begodu zilungele ukusetjenziswa eenjinini, emagiya, nezinye iinkambo zemitjhini.
Ibubulo lokudla neenselo (ukusetjenziswa okungaqondileko): Nanyana i-adipic acid ingadliwa ngqo ekudleni, isetjenziselwa ukwenza ukudla - izinto zokuthintana kanye nemitjhini yokusebenza ukudla. Ama-ester wayo, lokha nawusetjenziswa ekugcobeni nokuvala izinto zokudla, asiza ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yokudla ngokukhandela ukusilaphazeka nokugcina ubutjha bomkhiqizo. Ukungezelela, ama-polymer asekelwe ku-adipic acid angasetjenziswa ekukhiqizeni iingcenye zemitjhini ezithintana nokudla ngesikhathi sokucubungula, njengamabhande wokuthutha kanye nama-seal.
Iimboni zemithi nezezithambiso: Ebubulweni lemithi, i-adipic acid ingasetjenziswa njengesisekeli ekwakhiweni kwemithi. Ingasebenza njenge-ejenti yokuvikela ukulawula i-pH yeensombululo zemithi kanye nokumiswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokusebenza kwemithi. Embonini yezezimonyo, ama-adipic acid esters asetjenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukeneko, njengamakhrimu, amafutha, nama-lipstick, ukwenza ngcono ukuthungwa, ukuthuthukisa ukurhatjheka, nokunikela izakhiwo zokuthambisa, okwenza isikhumba sibe buthakathaka begodu sibushelelezi.
Iindlela zokuzilungiselela
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-oksijini ye-Cyclohexane: Le yindlela ejayelekileko yamabubulo yokukhiqiza i-adipic acid. Ikambiso le ithoma ngokutjhuguluka kwe-cyclohexane ebukhoneni be-catalyst, ngokuvamileko i-cobalt - based catalyst. Esigabeni sokuthoma sokutjhuguluka kwe-oksijini, i-cyclohexane ihlangana nomoya nofana i-oksijini ukwakha umxube we-cyclohexanol ne-cyclohexanone, ikambiso eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-"KA oil" (i-ketone - i-alcohol oil). Ukusabela kwenziwa emazingeni womtjhiso angaba ngu-150 ukuya ku-160°C kanye nomfutho ongu-1 ukuya ku-1.5 MPa. Ngemva kwalokho, i-oli ye-KA iphinde ibe ne-oksijini ngesigaba sesibili sokuphendula kusetjenziswa i-nitric acid njenge-ejenti yokwenza i-oksijini, kanengi emazingeni womtjhiso angama-60 - 80°C kanye nomfutho womkhathi. I-oksijini yesigaba sesibili itjhugulula i-cyclohexanol ne-cyclohexanone ibe yi-adipic acid. Kodwana, indlela le ineentjhijilo ezithileko zebhoduluko, njengoba ukusetjenziswa kwe-nitric acid kukhiqiza i-nitrous oxide (N2O), irhasi enamandla ye-greenhouse, begodu idinga ukulawulwa ngokutjheja kwemifudlana yesila.
Iindlela ze-Biotechnology: Eminyakeni esanda kwedlula, bekunomdlandla okhulako ngeendlela ze-biotechnology zokukhiqiza i-adipic acid njengenye indlela esimemeko. Iinlwana eziphilako ezincani, ezifana namabhaktheriya atjhugululwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo nofana imvubelo, zingasetjenziselwa ukutjhugulula ukudla okuvuselelekako, okufana netjhukela nofana amafutha weentjalo, abe yi-adipic acid ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezinengi zokugaya ukudla. Ukwenza isibonelo, amanye amabhaktheriya angabunjwa bona akhiqize izinto eziphakathi ezingatjhugululwa zibe yi-adipic acid. Nanyana iindlela ze-biotechnology zisesesigabeni sokuthuthukiswa begodu ziqalene neentjhijilo ezihlobene nokukhiqiza nokusebenza kuhle kweendleko, zinikela ngamandla wokukhiqiza i-adipic acid engalimazi ibhoduluko nehlalako esikhathini esizako.
Iinqabo
Iingozi zezamaphilo: I-adipic acid ingabangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba namehlo lokha nayithintana ngqo. Ukuvezwa kwesikhumba isikhathi eside nofana kanengi kungadosela ekutheni kube nesifo sesikhumba, begodu nangabe sithintana namehlo, kungabanga ukubomvu, ubuhlungu, kanye nokulimala kwe-cornea. Ukuhogela iinhlayiya zethuli ze-adipic acid kungacasula umthambo wokuphefumula, kubangele ukukhwehlela, ukukhwehlela, nokuphelelwa mumoya. Ukuthatha inani elikhulu le-adipic acid kungabangela ukungakhululeki kwamathumbu, okufaka hlangana ukucasuka, ukuhlanza, nokurhuda. Abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-adipic acid kufanele bagqoke izinto zokuzivikela ezifaneleko, ezifana namagilavu, amagilasi wokuvikela, kanye nama-mask wokuphefumula, khulukhulu eendaweni lapho kungenzeka khona ukukhiqizwa kwethuli.
Iingozi zomlilo nokuqhuma: Nanyana i-adipic acid inendawo ephezulu yokukhanya, iyavutha. Ngendlela yepuyere, ingakha imihlanganisela eqhumako nomoya nangabe ihlakazwe ngezinga elaneleko. Iindawo zokugcina kufanele zibekwe kude nemithombo yomlilo, begodu ukungena komoya okufaneleko kuqakathekile ukukhandela ukubuthelelana kwethuli. Lokha nakunomlilo obandakanya i-adipic acid, kufanele kusetjenziswe izinto ezifaneleko zokulwisana nomlilo, ezifana nepuyere yamakhemikhali eyomileko nofana i-carbon dioxide.
Umthelela weBhoduluko: I-adipic acid iyaphikelela ngokulingeneko endaweni. Lokha nayikhutjhwa emanzini, ingawohloka ziinlwanyana ezincani ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, kodwana ukugxila okukhulu kungaba nomthelela ekuphileni kwamanzi. Kungaba nomthelela ku-pH yamasistimu wamanzi ngebanga le-esidi yayo. Ngalokho-ke, ukulawulwa kwemfucuza okufaneleko neendlela zokuvimbela kuqakathekile ukukhandela ukukhutjhwa okungalawulekiko kwe-adipic acid emvelweni. Amabubulo akhiqiza nofana asebenzisa i-adipic acid kufuze alandele imithetho eqinileko yezebhoduluko ukunciphisa umthelela wayo ehlabathini, emanzini, kanye nekhwalithi yomoya.
Iinqophiso
| Ibizo lomkhiqizo | I-Adipic Acid | |||||||||
| Ifomula yamakhemikhali | C6H10O4 | |||||||||
| Ubunzima bamamolekhyuli | 146.14 g/mol | |||||||||
| Ukuvela | Ipuyere emhlophe | |||||||||
| Indawo yokuncibilika | 152 - 153°C | |||||||||
| Indawo yokubila | 337.5°C | |||||||||
| Ukuminyana | 1.360 g/cm3 | |||||||||
| CAS NO | 124 - 04 - 9 | |||||||||
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 29171200 | |||||||||
| I-EINECS NO | 204 - 673 - 3 | |||||||||
| Isibawo | Isetjenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-nylon 66, ukwakheka kwe-polyurethane, kanye nokwenza iplastiki | |||||||||
Iphepha lokulawula ikhwalithi
| Ibizo lomkhiqizo | I-Adipic Acid | ||||||
| I-AYITHEMU | Ukucaciswa | Umphumela | |||||
| Ukuvela | Ipuyere emhlophe | Ipuyere emhlophe | |||||
| Okuqukethwe% (m/m）≥ | 99.70 | 99.82 | |||||
| Indawo yokuncibilika°C ≥ | 151.5 | 152.6 | |||||
| I-ammonia water chroma, inomboro yombala we-platinam cobalt ≤ | 5 | 2 | |||||
| Umswakama % (m / m) ≤ | 0.20 | 0.18 | |||||
| Umlotha mg / kg ≤ | 7 | 2 | |||||
| Fe mg / kg ≤ | 1.0 | 0.2 | |||||
| Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate mg / kg ≤ | 10.0 | 0.7 | |||||