I-Bisphenol A (BPA): Umkhiqizi omkhulu wezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu
Ukuhlaziywa okujulileko kwezakhiwo ezisisekelo ze-physicochemical
Isakhiwo samamolekhyuli esihlukileko: I-BPA molecule yakhiwe ngamaqembu amabili we-phenolic hydroxyl ahlanganiswe nethambo le-propane. Isakhiwo lesi sinikela umsebenzi okhethekileko wamakhemikhali. Amaqembu amabili we-phenolic hydroxyl anikela i-BPA i-nucleophilicity eqinileko, okwenza bona ikwazi ukusabelana namakhompawundi ahlukahlukeneko. Ngesikhathi esifanako, ithambo le-propane linikela i-molecule ngezinga elithileko lokuqina nokuphazamiseka kwe-steric, okuthonya ukukhetha nokusebenza kwe-BPA ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukeneko.
Iimpawu ezibonakalako: I-BPA inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-158 - 159°C, iphuzu lokubilisa eliphezulu elifika ku-400.8°C, kanye nokuqina okulinganiselwa ku-1.195g/cm3. Indawo yayo ephezulu yokuncibilika nokubila iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo ngaphasi kwamazinga womtjhiso nokugandeleleka okujayelekileko, ngesikhathi ukuminyana kwayo okufaneleko kudlala indima eenkhathini zokusebenzisa ezitlhoga ukuminyana kwezinto ezithileko, njengokulungiselela amaplastiki athileko nama-resin, lapho ubujamo bobukhulu be-BPA bungathinta khona ubujamo obubonakalako nokusetjenziswa kokubunjwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina. Incibilika kancani ku-carbon tetrachloride, ayincibiliki khulu emanzini, kodwana incibilika eentweni ezihlukahlukeneko ezijayelekileko, begodu ubujamo bokuncibilika bunquma umsebenzi wayo wokusabela neendlela zokusebenzisa eenhlelweni ezihlukahlukeneko ze-solvent.
Ifomu lokuhlola ikhwalithi ye-Bisphenol A
| I-Analyte | Iyunidi | Ukucaciswa | Umphumela | Indlela yokuhlola |
| Ukuvela | / | Okumhlophe okuneenthoro nofana okuneenhluthu, ngaphandle kokusilaphazeka kwemitjhini | Iinhlamvu ezimhlophe, ngaphandle kokusilaphazeka kwemitjhini | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| I-Bisphenol A | Ngaphakathi/% | ≥99.85 | 99.925 | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| I-Phenol | Ngaphakathi/% | ≤0.005 | 0.001 | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| 2,4-Isomer | Ngaphakathi/% | ≤0.050 | 0.01 | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| Iphuzu lekristalu | °C | ≥156.6 | 157.2 | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| I-Chroma encibilikisiweko | Umbala, i-Pt-Co (Iyunithi ye-Hazen) | ≤20 | 10 | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| Isisombululo se-Chroma | Umbala, i-Pt-Co (Iyunithi ye-Hazen) | / | 5 | GB/T 28113-2011 |
| Umswakamo | Ngaphakathi/% | ≤0.08 | 0.02 | GB/T 6283-2008 |
Iinsetjenziswa eziqakathekileko eendaweni ezinengi
Ukukhiqizwa kwamaplastiki ne-resin:
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Polycarbonate (PC): I-BPA yinto eqakathekileko yokwenza i-polycarbonate (PC). I-polycarbonate ivelele emikhakheni eminengi ngebanga lokukhanya kwayo okuhle khulu (ukudlulisa ukukhanya okungaphezu kwama-90%), ukujamelana nokutjhaywa okuphezulu (okuphindwe ka-250 ukuya ku-300 kunengilazi ejayelekileko), ukuzinza okuhle, nokujamelana nokutjhisa (izinga lokushisa lokuhlanekezelwa komtjhiso ukuya ku-130 ukuya ku-140°C). Embonini ye-elekthronikhi negezi, i-PC isetjenziselwa khulu ukwenza amakheyisi wamakhomphyutha, amaselula, neminye imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, engagcini ngokuvikeleka okuthembekileko kweengcenye zangaphakathi ezinembileko kodwana ikhulisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe kwemikhiqizo ngebanga lokubukeka kwayo okuhle nokuthungwa okuhle. Ebubulweni leenkoloyi, i-PC isetjenziselwa ukwenza amakhava wamalambu wekoloyi, amaphaneli weensetjenziswa, nezinye iingcenye. Ukudlulisa ukukhanya okuphezulu kwamakhava wamalambu kuqinisekisa ukukhanya ebusuku, lokha ukunzinza kwamaphaneli weensetjenziswa kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuqondileko nokuthembeka kokusetjenziswa kwesikhathi eside kweengcenye. Emkhakheni wokwakha, amaphaneli wokukhanya kwelanga enziwe nge-PC, ama-canopy wokukhanyisa, neminye imikhiqizo isetjenziswa khulu ezakhiweni zomphakathi ezifana nama-mall amakhulu weenkundla kanye neenkundla zemidlalo ngebanga lokujamelana kwawo okuhle khulu nokudlulisa ukukhanya, okwenza iindawo zangaphakathi ezikhanyako neziphephileko.
Ukwenziwa kwe-Epoxy Resin: I-BPA nayo yi-monomer eqakathekileko yokulungiselela i-epoxy resin. Ama-epoxy resin anokunamathelana okuhle khulu begodu anganamathela ngokuqinileko izinto ezihlukahlukeneko ezifana neensimbi, iinkuni, nengilazi, ngalokho athatha indawo eqakathekileko emkhakheni wokunamathelana. Embonini ye-aerospace, iinamatheli ezisekelwe ku-epoxy zisetjenziselwa ukubopha iingcenye zesakhiwo sendiza ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuphepha kwesakhiwo sendiza ngaphasi kweemeko ezibudisi zokuphapha. Ngesikhathi esifanako, ama-epoxy resin anokujamelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali okuhle kanye nezakhiwo zokuvikela begodu asetjenziswa khulu eentweni zokupakisha ze-elekthronikhi kanye nokugcoba. Ukwenza isibonelo, amabhodi wesekethe kumadivayisi we-elekthronikhi avamise ukufakwa ngama-epoxy resin ukuvikela iingcenye ze-elekthronikhi ekuguguleni kwebhoduluko langaphandle nokwenza ngcono ukuzinza nokuphila kwemisebenzi yamadivayisi we-elekthronikhi. Esigabeni sokugcoba, ukugcoba kwe-epoxy resin kusetjenziselwa ukuvikela indawo yensimbi, okungajamelana kuhle nokugqwala kwezinto zamakhemikhali ezifana nama-esidi nama-alkali begodu kwandise ipilo yesevisi yemikhiqizo yensimbi.
Ezinye iinsetjenziswa ezihle zamakhemikhali:
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Flame Retardant: I-flame retardants efana ne-tetrabromobisphenol A ingenziwa nge-BPA. Ukungezelelwa kwezinto ezivimbela umlilo kuqakathekile khulu emabubulweni afana nemikhiqizo yeplastiki kanye nezindwangu. Emikhiqizweni yeplastiki, izinto ezivimbela ilangabi zinganciphisa kuhle ukuvutha kwezinto. Lokha nayivezwa emthonjeni womlilo, irhasi engavuthiko ebolileko nofana isendlalelo sekhabhoni esikhiqizwa ziinqhema ezivimbela ilangabi zingavimbela ukudluliswa kwe-oksijini nomtjhiso begodu zivimbele ukurhatjheka kokutjhisa. Ukwenza isibonelo, ukungezelela izinto ezivimbela umlilo emaplastikini wemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi neyegezi kungehlisa khulu ubungozi bomlilo begodu kuvikele amaphilo wabantu nepahla. Ezindwangu, ukusetjenziswa kwezinto ezivimbela umlilo kungenza bona izambatho zingatjhi lokha nazihlangana nomthombo womlilo begodu kwehlise umonakalo obangelwa kutjhiswa kwezambatho emlilweni.
Ama-antioxidant kanye nama-Heat Stabilizers: I-BPA ingasetjenziswa njenge-antioxidant kanye ne-heat stabilizer kweminye imikhiqizo yeplastiki nerabha. Ngesikhathi sokusetjenziswa kwamaplastiki, izinto ezifana namazinga womtjhiso aphezulu ne-oksijini zirholela lula ekugugeni kweplastiki nokuwohloka, okuthinta ukusebenza komkhiqizo nepilo yomsebenzi. Njenge-antioxidant, i-BPA ingabamba ama-free radicals erherhweni leplastiki, ivimbele ukudluliselwa kweketango lokusabela kwe-oksijini, begodu ilibazise ikambiso yokuguga yamaplastiki. Ngesikhathi esifanako, njengesivikeli sokutjhisa, i-BPA ingenza ngcono ukuzinza kwamaplastiki eendaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutjhisa begodu ivimbele amaplastiki bona angaboli, atjhuguluke umbala, neminye imiraro ngesikhathi sokucubungula nofana ukusetjenziswa. Emikhiqizweni yerabha, i-BPA nayo ingadlala indima efanako, yenza ngcono ukujamelana nokuguga kwerabha ngokutjhisa ne-oksijini begodu yenze isikhathi eside ipilo yemikhiqizo yerabha efana namathayi weenkoloyi kanye namaseli werabha.
Iingxabano zokuphepha kanye neempendulo zebubulo
Ukuhlolisisa ubungozi bezamaphilo: I-BPA inezinga elithileko lobuthi obuphasi begodu ingafuduka begodu itjhuguluke emvelweni nomzimba womuntu. Inani elikhulu leemfundo litjengise bona i-BPA inemiphumela efana ne-estrogen begodu ingaphazamisa ihlelo lomzimba womuntu. Khulukhulu emasaneni, ukuthuthukiswa kwehlelo lokuzala kungathinteka, okurholela ekutheni kube namalwelwe ahlobene nehlelo lokuzala. Ngesikhathi esifanako, i-BPA ingabangela ukujamelana ne-insulin, okurholela emirarweni yezamaphilo efana netjhukela ephezulu kanye nokukhuluphala. Eminye imihloliso yeenlwana itjengise bona iinlwana ezihlolwako ezivezwe ku-BPA isikhathi eside zinokukhula okungakajayeleki kwezitho zokuzala nokutjhuguluka kokuziphatha. Nanyana irhubhululo ngomthelela we-BPA epilweni yabantu lisaragela phambili, amazwe amanengi athathe amagadango wokukhandela ukusetjenziswa kwe-BPA emikhiqizweni ethileko ngebanga lokutshwenyeka ngobungozi bepilo.
Iinhlelo zebubulo nokuThuthukiswa kokuThobela: Ngokuqalisisa ukuphikisana kokuphepha kwe-BPA, amazwe amanengi neendawo ephasini loke zithule imithetho efaneleko ukukhandela ukusetjenziswa kwayo. Ngomnyaka ka-2011, umNyango wezamaPhilo we-China neminye iminyango eyisithupha yakhipha umthetho wokuvimbela ukusetjenziswa kwe-BPA ekukhiqizeni, ekungenisweni, nasekuthengiseni amabhodlela webisi labantwana. Amazwe neendawo ezifana ne-United States, Canada, kanye ne-European Union nazo zibeke umkhawulo wokusetjenziswa kwe-BPA emaphaketheni wokudla, imikhiqizo yabantwana, neminye imikhakha. Njengombana siqalene neemfuneko zokulawula, ibubulo lihlola ngenkuthalo ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa i-BPA, ezifana ne-bisphenol S (BPS) ne-diphenyl sulfone. Ngesikhathi esifanako, amabhizinisi wokukhiqiza aragela phambili nokuthuthukisa iinkambo zokukhiqiza nokuqinisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ukwehlisa inani lokufuduka kwe-BPA nokuhlangabezana namazinga wokulawula aqinileko kanye neemfuneko zabathengi zokuphepha komkhiqizo ngokuqinisekisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo. Ekambisweni yokukhiqiza i-polycarbonate kanye ne-epoxy resins, amabhizinisi enza ngcono izinga lokuguqulwa kwe-BPA begodu anciphise i-BPA engakaphendulwa emikhiqizweni ngokwenza ngcono ubujamo bokuphendula nokuthuthukisa amasistimu we-catalyst.
Iinqophiso
| Ibizo lomkhiqizo | I-Bisphenol A | |||||||||
| Ifomula yamakhemikhali | C₁₅H₁₆O₂ | |||||||||
| Ubunzima bamamolekhyuli | 228.29 g/mol | |||||||||
| Ukuvela | Ipuyere emhlophe | |||||||||
| Indawo yokuncibilika | 155–158°C | |||||||||
| Indawo yokubila | 250–252°C | |||||||||
| CAS NO | 80-05-7 | |||||||||
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 29072990 | |||||||||
| I-EINECS NO | 201-240-4 | |||||||||
| Isibawo | Yenza amapulasitiki, amalangabi, imithi; isetjenziselwa ukugcoba/ukunamathela. | |||||||||
Iphepha lokulawula ikhwalithi
| Ibizo lomkhiqizo | I-Bisphenol A | ||||||
| I-AYITHEMU | INANI ELIJWAYELEKILEKO (%) | INANI LOKUHLOLA (%) | |||||
| I-Bisphenol A Purity wt. | Umzuzu 99.85 | 99.93 | |||||
| Umbala we-APHA | Ubukhulu 5 | 5 | |||||
| Phenol mg/kg | Ubukhulu 100 | 56 | |||||
| I-phenol yamahhala wt. % | Ubukhulu 1000 | 230 | |||||
| Ubunzima bamanzi. % | Ubukhulu 0.1 | 0.03 | |||||
| Umlotha mg/kg | Ubukhulu 5 | 0 | |||||
| I-ayini mg/kg | Ubukhulu 0.1 | 0.03 | |||||
Kubayini Sikhetha i-BPA yethu?
Sizibophelele ekunikeleni ngemikhiqizo ye-BPA esezingeni eliphezulu nezinzileko. Iinhlanganisela zoke ukusuka ekuthengweni kwezinto ezisetjenziswako ukuya ekukhiqizeni nasekusetjenzisweni zilandela amahlelo wokulawula ikhwalithi eqinileko ukuqinisekisa bona imikhiqizo inobumsulwa obuphezulu, ukungcola okumbalwa, begodu zoke iinkomba zihlangabezana namazinga aphezulu webubulo. Sinesiqhema se-R & D esinelwazi esinganikela ngeensombululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokuya ngeendingo zamakhasimende ezihlukahlukeneko ukusiza amakhasimende ukufikelela ukusungula nokuthuthukisa emikhakheni efana namaplastiki, ama-resin, namakhemikhali amahle. Ngesikhathi esifanako, sinamandla wokulawula indlela yokuphakela ukuqinisekisa ukuphakelwa kwemikhiqizo ngesikhathi nangokuzinzileko ukuhlangabezana neendingo zokukhiqiza ezikulu zamakhasimende. Emlandwini webubulo weempikiswano zokuphepha kwe-BPA, sitjheja khulu ukuguquguquka kokulawula, siragela phambili nokutjala imali emithonjeni ye-R & D, begodu sikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa okuhlaza nokuphephileko kweenkambo zokukhiqiza ukunikela amakhasimende ngemikhiqizo ethobelako nethembekileko.
Khetha i-BPA yethu, hlanganisa izandla ukwenza ipumelelo eragela phambili emkhakheni wezinto ezisebenza kuhle khulu, uqalane neentjhijilo, begodu wenze inani elikhulu.