I-Premier Propylene Glycol: I-Multifunctional Organic Compound

Iimfanelo eziphathekako nezamakhemikhali

Ukubukeka nokunuka: I-propylene glycol ivela njengoketshezi olungenambala, olukhanyako, noluqinileko. Inefleyiva emnandi begodu ayinaphunga, okwenza bona ilungele ukusetjenziswa lapho kutlhogeka khona iphrofayili yemizwa engathathi ihlangothi.

Ukuncibilika: Itjengisa ukuhlanganiswa okuhle khulu, ikwazi ukuhlangana ngokupheleleko namanzi, i-ethanol, i-ether, i-acetone, i-chloroform, nezinye iinsombululo ezinengi eziphilako. Iphahla leli livumela bona lisebenze njengesisombululo esiphumelelako nesihlanganisi eenhlanganweni ezihlukahlukeneko.

Izinto eziqakathekileko ezibonakalako: Nge-molar mass engu-76.09 g/mol, i-propylene glycol inobukhulu obulinganiselwa ku-1.036 g/cm3 ku-25°C, okubukhulu kancani kunamanzi. Indawo yayo yokuncibilika ngu--59°C, okwenza bona ihlale isesigabeni samanzi kiyo yoke izinga lokutjhisa elibanzi. Indawo yokubila ijame ku-188.2°C ngaphasi komfutho ovamileko, okutjengisa ukuzinza kwayo emazingeni womtjhiso ajayelekileko. Iphuzu lokukhanya liphezulu, lingaba ngu-99°C (ivaliwe - inkomitsho), ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuvutha ngengozi.

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Njenge-diol, i-propylene glycol ingahlanganyela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukeneko okujayelekileko kwamaqembu wotshwala. Ingakha ama-ester lokha nayihlanganiswa nama-carboxylic acid, okuqakathekileko ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhiqizo eminengi yamabubulo neyabathengi. Ukungezelela, ingaba nokusabela kokuphelelwa mamanzi ngaphasi kweemeko ezithileko, okurholela ekwakhiweni kwama-ether we-intramolecular cyclic nofana ama-polymer we-intermolecular.

Iindawo zokufaka isibawo

Ibubulo lokudla neenselo: I-propylene glycol yenza imisebenzi eminengi emkhakheni lo. Isebenza njenge-humectant, isiza ukugcina umswakama emikhiqizweni yokudla efana nokudla okubhakiweko, ama-confectionery, kanye nezinto zobisi, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulisa isikhathi sayo sokugcina begodu igcine ukuthungwa. Njengesinyibilikisi, isetjenziselwa ukuncibilikisa amafleyiva, imibala, kanye nezinto ezilondolozako, ukuqinisekisa ukusabalala okufanako ekudleni naseziphuzweni. Ukwenza isibonelo, ivamise ukutholakala emafleyiva amanzi weenselo ezithambileko begodu njengesithwali samafutha aqakathekileko emikhiqizweni yokudla. Godu ivunyelwe njengesengezo sokudla (E1520) e-European Union, begodu ngokuvamileko yamukelwa njengephephile (GRAS) yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lokha nayisetjenziswa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ebekiweko.

Ibubulo lemithi: Emithini, i-propylene glycol idlala indima eqakathekileko. Isetjenziswa khulu njengesisombululo semithi engancibiliki lula emanzini, okwenza bona yenziwe ibe mithi yomlomo, yokujova, neyokusetjenziswa. Ukwenza isibonelo, emithini eminengi yomlomo, i-propylene glycol isiza ukuncibilikisa iinthako ezisebenzako, ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisa okufaneleko. Eensetjenzisweni ezifana namakhrimu namafutha, isebenza njengesithambiso nesikhuthazi sokungena, yenza ngcono ukumunywa kwesikhumba kweendakamizwa. Ibuye ibe nezinto ezithile ezilwisana namagciwani namagciwane, ezifaka isandla ekulondolozeni imikhiqizo yezokwelapha.

Iinsetjenziswa zokuzithambisa nokuTjheja umuntu mathupha: I-propylene glycol sisithako esiyinhloko sezinto ezinengi zokuzilungisa kanye nemikhiqizo yokutlhogomela umuntu mathupha. Emikhiqizweni yokutlhogomela isikhumba efana nama-moisturizer, ama-serum, kanye nama-cleanser, isebenza njenge-humectant, idonsa umswakama emoyeni bese ibophelela esikhumbeni, ngaleyo ndlela igcine isikhumba sithambile. Ubujamo bayo bokuncibilikisa buyenza bona ikghone ukuncibilikisa iinthako ezihlukahlukeneko ezisebenzako kanye namakha, okuqinisekisa ukusabalala kwazo okufanako emikhiqizweni. Isetjenziswa godu emikhiqizweni yokutlhogomela iinhluthu njenge-shampoo kanye nama-conditioner ukwenza ngcono ukuthungwa kwazo begodu isize ngokulethwa kweenthako ezizuzisako emgodini weenhluthu. E-nail polish, i-propylene glycol isebenza njengeplastiki, ivimbela i-nail polish bona ingaphuki begodu iphuke lula.

Iinsetjenziswa zebubulo: I-propylene glycol yingcenye eqakathekileko ekukhiqizeni izinto ezihlukahlukeneko zebubulo. Yinto eqakathekileko ekukhiqizeni ama-resin we-polyester angagcwali, asetjenziswa khulu ekwenzeni amaplastiki aqinisiweko we-fibreglass. Amaplastiki la asetjenziswa eembonini ezifana nezeenkoloyi, zokwakha, kanye nezamanzi, ngebanga lamandla wawo aphezulu - ukuya - esilinganisweni sesisindo nokujamelana nokugqwala. Embonini yeenkoloyi, i-propylene glycol - esekelwe e-antifreeze kanye ne-coolant isetjenziselwa ukulawula amazinga womtjhiso weenjini, ukukhandela ukutjhisa khulu nokuqanda. Ibuye isebenze njengesinyibilikisi nesithwali ekugcotshweni, ema-inki, kanye neenamatheli, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwazo kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenzisa.

Iindlela zokuzilungiselela

I-Epoxy Propane Hydrolysis: Le ngenye yeendlela ezijayelekileko zebubulo. Ngalendlela, i-epoxy propane (i-propylene oxide) isebenzisana namanzi lokha nakune-catalyst. Ukusabela kungenzeka ngaphasi kwemibandela ehlukileko. Ngendlela yokuthambisa amanzi ngokunqophileko, izinga lokutjhisa eliphezulu (elingaba ngu-150 - 200°C) kanye nomfutho (0.98 - 2.94 MPa) kusetjenziswa, nge-molar ratio yamanzi ukuya ku-epoxy propane evamise ukufika ku-20. Nanyana izinga lokutjhuguluka kwe-epoxy propane ukuya ku-propylene glycol lingafinyelela pheze ku-85%, amanye ama-polyproly-glycoly akhiqizwa nayo yakhiwe. Enye indlela yi-acid - catalyzed hydrolysis, lapho inani elincani le-acid catalyst (njenge-sulfuric acid) kufakwa khona. Ukusabela kwenziwa emazingeni womtjhiso aphasi (50 - 70°C), begodu umkhiqizo ophumako udinga ukuhlanzwa begodu uhlanjululwe ngeendlela ezifana nokuvundiswa kwe-vacuum ukuthola i-propylene glycol ehlanzekileko.

I-Glycerol Catalytic Hydrogenolysis: I-Glycerol ingasetjenziswa njengesisetjenziswa sokwenza i-propylene glycol. Ngalendlela, i-glycerol ithoma nge-protonation yamaqembu wayo we-hydroxyl, kulandele ukuphelelwa ngamanzi ngaphakathi kwamamolekyuli ukwakha imikhiqizo ephakathi efana nama-enols nama-keto-aldehyde tautomers. Imikhiqizo ephakathi le ibe seyenza i-hydrogenation phambi kwe-catalyst (njenge-copper - based catalyst), ekugcineni ikhiqiza i-1,2 - propylene glycol. Indlela le inobuhle bokusebenzisa ukudla okuvuselelekako (i-glycerol), okungatholwa emithonjeni efana nokukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel.

Iindlela ze-Biotechnology: Ezinye iinlwanyana ezincani, ezifana nemihlobo ethileko yamabhaktheriya nemvubelo, zingabunjwa bona zikhiqize i-propylene glycol ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokubilisa. Ukwenza isibonelo, ngokutjhugulula i-Escherichia coli nofana i-Klebsiella pneumoniae, zingenziwa bona zitjhugulule itjhukela (njenge-glucose) nofana i-glycerol ibe yi-propylene glycol. Indlela ye-biotechnology le ayilimazi ibhoduluko nayiqathaniswa neendlela zamakhemikhali ezijayelekileko, ngombana isebenza ngaphasi kweemeko ezilula begodu ingasebenzisa imithombo yekhabhoni evuselelekako. Nanyana kunjalo, ukukhiqiza nokusebenza kuhle kweendlela lezi kusese ziindawo zokwenza irhubhululo nokuthuthukisa.

Iinqabo

Ukucabangela Ipilo: Nanyana i-propylene glycol ithathwa njengephephileko ukusetjenziswa ekudleni, emithini, kanye nezimonyo ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo evunyelweko, ukuvezwa okuphezulu nofana ukungena kungaba nemiphumela emimbi epilwenakho. Ukuthatha inani elikhulu kungabangela amatshwayo afana nokucasuka, ukuhlanza, nokurhuda. Ebujamweni obumbi khulu, kungabanga i-metabolic acidosis, ubujamo lapho umzimba ubuthelela khona i-esidi enengi khulu. Ukuthintana kwesikhumba nge-propylene glycol ehlanganisiweko kungabangela ukucasuka kwabanye abantu, khulukhulu labo abanesikhumba esibucayi. Ukuvezwa kwesikhumba isikhathi eside nofana kanengi kufanele kugwenywe. Lokha nayisetjenziswa eendaweni zamabubulo, ukungena komoya okufaneleko kuyatlhogeka ukukhandela ukuhogela umhwamuko we-propylene glycol, ngombana ukuhogela okuphezulu kungabangela ukungakhululeki kokuphefumula.

Iingozi zomlilo nokuqhuma: I-propylene glycol iyavutha, nanyana inephuzu eliphezulu lokuvutha. Umhwamuko wayo ungakha imihlanganisela eqhumako nomoya ngaphasi kwemibandela ethileko. Iindawo zokugcina nokuphatha kufanele zigcinwe kude namalangabi avulekileko, iinhlansi, neminye imithombo yokuvutha. Iinsetjenziswa zokugcina ezijamelana nomlilo kanye nemitjhini efaneleko yokucima umlilo kufanele ibe khona eendaweni lapho i-propylene glycol igcinwa khona nofana isetjenziswa khona.
Umthelela Webhoduluko: Nanyana i-propylene glycol ibola, ukukhutjhwa okukhulu emvelweni, khulukhulu emanzini, kungaba nomthelela. Eendaweni eziphila emanzini, ingadla i-oksijini njengombana ibola, okungenza bona kube nomthelela ekuphileni kwamanzi. Ngalokho-ke, ukulawulwa kwemfucuza okufaneleko kanye namagadango wokuvimbela kufanele kube khona ukukhandela ukukhutjhwa okungalawulekiko kwe-propylene glycol emvelweni.

Iinqophiso

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