I-Glyphosate: Ikhemikhali esetjenziswa khulu neqakathekileko yezokulima
Iindawo ezikulu zokusebenza
Kwezokulima, i-glyphosate yi-herbicide eqakathekileko. Isebenza ngokuvimbela i-enzayimu ye-5 - enolpyruvylshikimate - 3 - phosphate synthase (EPSPS) eentjalweni. I-enzayimu le iqakathekile ekubunjweni kwama-amino acid anamakha, aqakathekileko ekukhuleni nekuthuthukeni kweentjalo. Ngokuvimba i-enzayimu le, i-glyphosate iphazamisa iinkambo ezijayelekileko zokugaya ukudla kwekhula, okurholela ekubuneni kwalo kancanikancani nokuhlongakala kwalo. Ubujamo bayo obuhlelekileko buvumela bona imunwe mahlamvu bese ithuthwa kiyo yoke isitjalo, ngokuphumelelako ibulale kokubili iingcenye eziphezulu - nangaphasi kwehlabathi zokhula, kufaka hlangana nemirabhu. Lokhu kwenza bona kube kuhle khulu ekulawuleni ikhula elihlala isikhathi eside okunzima ukuliqeda.
I-Glyphosate iyakhambisana neentjalo ezihlukahlukeneko zeentjalo. Eentjalweni ezitjhugululwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo (GM) ezenzelwe bona zikwazi ukubekezelela i-glyphosate, njengesoya, ummbila, kanye nekoteni, ingafafazwa ngqo phezu kweentjalo ezikhulako ukulawula ikhula ngaphandle kokulimaza isitjalo ngokwaso. Lokhu kutjhugulule iindlela zokulima, okwenza bona kube nokulawulwa kwekhula okuphumelelako nokukhulu, ukwehlisa isidingo sokulima ngomtjhini nokunciphisa ukuguguleka kwehlabathi. Ukungezelela, eentjalweni ezingasi ze-GM, i-glyphosate ingasetjenziselwa ukulawula ikhula ngaphambi kokutjala nofana ngemva kokuvuna, ukulungiselela ihlabathi ukutjala nofana ukuqinisekisa bona iindawo ezivuniweko zihlale zinganakhula.
Ngale kwezokulima, i-glyphosate nayo ithola ukusetjenziswa eendaweni ezingatjali. Isetjenziselwa ukulawula ikhula eendaweni zamabubulo, eceleni kwemigwaqo, emaphepheni wesitimela, kanye neendaweni ezifakwe iinsetjenziswa. Ngokugcina iindawo lezi zingabi nemithi engafunekiko, kusiza ukugcina iinsetjenziswa, kwehlisa ubungozi bomlilo, begodu kwenza ngcono ukuphepha.
Nanyana kunemivuzo eminengi, i-glyphosate sele ibe yindaba yokuphikisana. Kuvezwe ukutshwenyeka malungana nomthelela ongaba khona emvelweni nepilo yabantu. Ezinye iimfundo ziphakamise ukuhlobana okungenzeka neendaba ezithileko zepilo, nanyana ukuvumelana kwezesayensi ngeendaba lezi kusahlukene. Njengomphumela, iimphathimandla ezilawulako ephasini loke beziqalisisa ukusetjenziswa kwayo, zisebenzisa imithetho eqinileko emazingeni wokusetjenziswa kwayo, iindlela zokuphepha, kanye neemfuneko zokulebula.
Esitorejini, i-glyphosate kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholileko, eyomileko, kude nokukhanya kwelanga kanye nezinto ezingahambisaniko. Lokha nawusebenzisa i-glyphosate, izinto zokuzivikela ezifaneleko, ezifana namagilavu, amagilasi, kanye nezambatho zokuzivikela, kufanele zigqokwe ukukhandela ukuvezwa. Ukungezelela, ukulahlwa okufaneleko kwananyana ngimuphi umkhiqizo ongasetjenziswako nofana iphakheji kuqakathekile ukubalekela ukusilaphazeka kwebhoduluko.
Iinqophiso
| Ibizo lomkhiqizo | I-Glyphosate | |||||||||
| Ifomula yamakhemikhali | C₃H₈NO₅P | |||||||||
| Ubunzima bamamolekhyuli | 169.07 | |||||||||
| Ukuvela | amapuyere amhlophe | |||||||||
| Indawo yokuncibilika | 230°C | |||||||||
| Ukuminyana | 1.747 g/cm3 | |||||||||
| CAS NO | 1071 - 83 - 6 | |||||||||
| Ikhodi ye-HS | 29319000.9 | |||||||||
| I-EINECS NO | 213 - 997 - 4 | |||||||||
| Isibawo | Ukulawulwa kwekhula kwezokulima, ukulawulwa kwekhula elingalimalanga | |||||||||
Iphepha lokulawula ikhwalithi
| Ibizo lomkhiqizo | I-Glyphosate | ||||||
| I-AYITHEMU | INANI ELIJWAYELEKILEKO (%) | INANI LOKUHLOLA (%) | |||||
| I-glyphosate mass fraction % | ≥95.0 | 95.60% | |||||
| I-formaldehyde mass fraction g/kg | ≤1.2 | 0.2 | |||||
| Into engancibilikiko ye-sodium hydroxide g/kg | ≤0.2 | 0.1 | |||||
| I-Nitrosoglyphosate mass fraction mg/kg | ≤1.0 | 0.30% | |||||
Ngokufingqa
Ngokurhunyeziweko, i-glyphosate, nanyana kuneenkulumiswano eziragela phambili malungana nokusetjenziswa kwayo, ihlala iyikhemikhali eqakathekileko kwezokulima kwesimanjemanje kanye nokulawulwa kwekhula okungekho eentjalweni. Ukusebenza kwayo, ukusetjenziswa kwayo, kanye nomthelela ekusebenzeni kuhle kwezokulima kwenze bona ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni kokudla ephasini loke. Njengombana irhubhululo liragela phambili begodu nemithetho itjhuguluka, ingomuso le-glyphosate lingafaka hlangana ukulingana hlangana neenzuzo zayo nemizamo yokurarulula ukutshwenyeka okuhlobene nalokho.